Showing posts with label SCIENCE. Show all posts
Showing posts with label SCIENCE. Show all posts

Saturday, 23 May 2015

Li-Fi. By Paul de la Gravière & Arthur Geneix


Have you ever got frustrated at the slow speed of the Wi-Fi when more than one device is tapped into the network? Have you already tried to use wireless internet in a coffee shop or to steal it from your neighbour? Nowadays, more and more people and their many devices have access to wireless internet; clogged airwaves are going to make it increasingly difficult to latch onto a reliable signal. But many people don’t know that radio waves are just one part of the spectrum that can carry our data. What if we could use other waves to surf the internet and transmit or receive data?

Li-Fi is a technology promised since 2011; Light Fidelity offers the perspective of a replacement, at least partially, of Wi-Fi; with more flow and without the waves feared by many people because of their harmfulness.

What is Li-Fi?
Like Wi-Fi, it’s a method of transmitting data from one point to another wirelessly. Whereas Wi-Fi uses radio waves, Li-Fi uses light to communicate data.

The operation of Li-Fi is quite easy to understand. It works with the transmission of a binary message due to the lighting and the extinction of a light. Therefore, it’s not difficult at all and that’s exactly what we need to end and receive data: light off is equivalent to 0 and light on is equivalent to 1.

In fact, we can say that Li-Fi is a sort of light-based Wi-Fi. The difference between them is that Li-Fi uses light instead of radio waves to transmit information. And instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceiver-fitted LED lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive information. Moreover, Li-Fi use simple bulbs. That’s the reason why there can be any number of access points.


This new technology uses a part of the electromagnetic spectrum (The Visible Spectrum). Nevertheless, it’s still not greatly utilized. As you know, light is a very important part of our lives and it does not have any major negative effects. It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s. The LED intensity is modulated very quickly so that human eyes cannot notice. Therefore the output appears constant. It is the fast and cheap Wireless communication system which is an optical version of Wi-Fi.

LEDs:
Light-emitting diodes are the next big thing in the lighting world. Efficient and long-lasting, they’re already replacing filament and halogen lighting.



Working process:
Frequency changes which are very fast are not visible to the human eye. Li-Fi is a system of wireless transmission of data using light as a medium of communication. A Li-Fi router feeds the lighting system. The LED bulb turns on and off at very High speed. An integrated sensor receives data. Photodetector registers a binary ‘1’ for on else its’0’ for off. The operational procedure is very simple, if the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if it’s off you transmit a 0. The LEDs can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for transmitting data. Binary information is made up of strings of 1’s and 0’s. Any light source can transmit this ON and OFF information but LEDs are capable of the highest flickering speed. Light receivers interpret the flickering LED as 1’s and 0’s, and thus we have our Li-Fi.

Light off = 0    Light on = 1

Why is Li-Fi so much faster?
Visible light is far denser than radio waves; 10,000 times denser in fact, meaning much more data can be transferred.

Some figures:

3,4 billion internet users
19 billion global networks connections (mobile and fixed)
The global mobile data traffic will weigh 10,8 Exabytes per month.

A powerful technology:
With Li-Fi, a LED light can transmit multimedia content (video, sound, information, games, etc.) to a tablet or a smartphone.

No interference:
Increased security of communication
Wireless communication at very high speed
Multi-user communication

What’s so special about Li-Fi?
The speed! The highest speed yet recorded with a Li-Fi connection is 10 Gbit/s which is 250 times faster than the average Broadband speed. But commercial Li-Fi being produced in China is at about 150Mbps which is still 10 times higher than the average French connection speed.


Advantages:
New ultra-fast and secure communication network without cable, without radio waves, simply by the light! Also: smart lighting network, wireless, internet access, media access.

Transport:
During your travels, you have access to the Internet. Li-Fi can be used safely on planes because it does not interfere with radio equipment.

Hospitals:
Connections are possible in a place hostile to radio waves.

Traffic:
Allows vehicles (car headlights) to transmit information to secure the traffic and make it more fluid. Measuring distances between vehicles.

Security:
Sending and receiving data via the LED light. Very high speed communication within military vehicles: cars, planes, boats, submarines.

Hazardous environments:
Access your communications in a difficult or dangerous environment: tunnel, factory, petrochemical, refinery, etc.

However, this new technology has some drawbacks :
Presence of light is one of the keys for the good working of Li-Fi.
Fluorescent light and LEDs are optimal to use Li-Fi but these lights possess a low lightning.

Li-Fi & Wi-Fi…
We can say that Wi-Fi is perfect for wireless coverage within buildings; Li-Fi is great for high density wireless data coverage in restricted areas and for abating radio interference problems. To conclude Li-Fi and Wi-Fi can be considered complimentary.

Conclusion

Li-Fi is an amazing technology. It’s also in its early days. It’s hard to predict how a technology will develop over time, but it’s safe to say that a combination of Li-Fi and Wi-Fi will bring the best of both worlds to the internet.

Tuesday, 19 May 2015

Optical illusions! By Marion Nairabeze, Maëlle Rivalier & Camille Simonet


First, look at these optical illusions:

 Who do you see? Monroe or Einstein?

Is it Gala or Lincoln?

An old couple or a guitarist and a woman?

What do you see?

In what direction is the train going? Difficult to guess, right?

Second, a short explanation of how vision works for curious people:


Optical illusions are misperceptions of form, color, size or movement of objects. They are, for the eye, an altered perception of reality.

The eyes behave more or less like a camera. The eye has a diaphragm, an iris which lets in more or less light as it opens or closes. Behind the iris, a deformable lens, called the crystalline, allows the images to be formed on a sensitive membrane: the retina





The retina consists of rods and cones. Cones allow diurnal vision (color). There are three types of cones, receptive to red, green, blue. Rods allow night vision.

Under the influence of the light that enters through the iris, the rods and cones produce small amounts of energy and nerve impulses which are passed on up to the brain by the optical nerve. The brain then analyzes the information.

Optical illusions are errors of interpretation of our brain which tries to give meaning to all the information which is received even if there is none. This results in amplification of contrasts, creating contours, colors, perspectives, reliefs, etc.

Third, an explanation of an illusion:

1) Primary or geometric illusions
These illusions occur when the eye stops only on certain parts of the image (angles, symmetry axes, breaks lines). Then, these areas become more important than others, such as in the Titchener illusion.


2) Effect of angles
We underestimate obtuse angles and overestimate sharp corners because the eye has a tendency to bring the angles to a right angle. In a Zöllner illusion, the lines appear to us deformed because of small lines which are on the big ones. The oblique lines do not seem parallel though they actually are.



The same goes for the Müller-Lyer illusion. The eye does not pay attention to segments but sees first the angles at their end. It appears that one is larger than the other.


 3) Movement  illusion




It turns! It will make us dizzy. Don’t be afraid, you are not hallucinating, you are suffering from an movement illusion. The human eye gets tired fast when it stares at an object for a long time. If, however, we look next to the object, it avoids staring too intensely and the image strikes other segments of the retina which have their full capacity.

4) Artistic illusions

There are three types of artistic illusions. A group that shows illusion drawings gives rise to visual interpretations that are very different from the properties of the elements shown.

Our brain is used to seeing a real head. But here, the head consists of many animals: an elephant, a kangaroo, a bear... So the brain has trouble analyzing this image.


In the following picture we see a tree and the sea, but aren’t they something else? A baby, no?



Each drawing may result in at least two visual mutually exclusive interpretations. The observer can normally voluntarily move from one interpretation to another, once the different interpretations have been identified and given us some clues about the different interpretations.

This cartoon, created by Willian Hill in 1915, is entitled "My mother / My young woman." The image has two possible interpretations: you see the young woman or the old witch. It is sometimes difficult to switch from one to the other!



Impossible groups: different parts of each of the drawings give rise to conflicting interpretations. All items in this category cannot exist, or it would be highly unlikely that they exist in reality.

The Penrose triangle is an impossible object designed by the mathematician Roger Penrose in the 1950s. By the paradox between logic and reality, which extends to other spheres (cultural impossibility), impossible objects thus give rise to mathematical curiosities and artistic inspirations.



Optical illusions and cultures

"The influence of the culture and  of the environment on our visual perception ", this theory was explored for the first time by Robert Laws, a Scottish missionary, working at Malawi in Africa during the 19th century.

Look at this picture:


What do you see? What is the woman carrying on her head? When researchers put this question to African people, they answered “a box”. Then they asked “where does the scene take place?” This person with a culture with few “corners” naturally said that the family was sitting under a tree. We westerners, accustomed to comfort, see a scene which takes place in a room with a window with a view outside.

Finally, optical illusions show that our vision is always a matter of personal interpretation!

If you enjoyed our article, please send us a comment!

Aurora Borealis. By Matthieu Hollaender & Pierre Caillet


Igor is small. He is a member of an Inuit community. One evening, he was playing by himself not far from the family home. Suddenly he rushed home to talk to his grandfather.

“Grandpa, I think the Gods are sending us a message!”

“What are you saying my little boy? What did you see?”

“I saw a big spot of color spreading in the sky! What was it grandpa?

“Come and sit beside me, next to the fire, I'll tell you the story of this mystery. You are now old enough to understand.”

They huddle together under the caribou skin.

“There are a lot of stories about this extraordinary thing you have seen; each country has its explanation, different from ours, but they are all wrong! Look at our neighbors, they are real poets! They think that a fox wanders through the Arctic snow and lights up the sky thanks to its tail sowing sparks of snow, giving off colors. And the fishermen of the Ice Lakes believe that it is the reflection of herring scales on the water! For the Inuit from the south of Alaska, those of the Yukon River, this special light in the sky simply represents the souls of deer, salmon, seal or beluga dancing. But this light also represents a threat. That is why they hunt it with their knives. To discourage their children from playing outside too late, their parents tell them that this special light will catch them, cut off their heads and play soccer with their heads! Of course it’s not true, don’t worry, it’s a silly superstition!”

“So, what’s the real reason, Grandad?”

“As you know, the sun is guarded by the God Odor and the moon is protected by Elanore. They fight each other because they both want to rule the world. That is why there is a period of darkness followed by a period of light. We have been in darkness for 4 months now. It’s the same every year. It’s because of a trick played by Elanore on Odor. She hides Odor’s light. The colored spots that you saw are stardust from Odor’s torch; he is looking in all the nooks and crannies for his sun. These spots do not last forever in the sky because the sun god is careful not to get caught by Elanore. That is why it changes place quite very often.”

“I am going out to help Odor find his sun, Grandad!”

“Oh, no you're not! You go to bed now. You can help him tomorrow find his sun…”

Igor went to bed, and he dreamt of stars...

A heated debate on the nature of fire... By Simon Amado, Joachim Huon De Kermadec & Hugo Madebène


Sunday, 17 May 2015

A world without light... By Paul Bataille, Justine Lauprêtre & Estelle Larroche


Light is a type of energy which our eyes are able to see. It’s a physical phenomenon, characterized by the radiation of photons which move at 186,000 mph.

A world with no light would be a world where humans could not see. It would happen if the sun disappeared, or if a highly contagious virus made us blind in a short time.

What if we all became blind? How could we live normally?

A blind person is not able to see, so he has to use his other senses to be able to find his way and to have a normal life.

The senses of hearing, smell and touch would become more developed, because they would take over the zones of the brain responsible for vision.

Blind people also develop their ability to feel heat and cold which can help them move around. That is fascinating, isn't it? Without vision, a new universe opens up before us.

Going blind can scare us but if we were born blind (or in a world without light), becoming someone who can see would also scare us so it's just a question of adaption.

As something happens, an image of this event is created in your brain thanks to all your senses. First, listen to this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwBCdlFPd2A

You have no problem understanding this is a crowd of rugby supporters. You have made an image of them as you listened.


You do not know what it is, so it is very difficult to form a mental image of it.

You now have an image in your brain; a blind person however doesn't need a video to make an image in his brain.

Sunday, 28 December 2014

Making waves

A star is born...

Bending light

What is light?

It's a dark universe... By Edouard Engels & Romain Thellier

Optics


Rainbows

Equiluminance

The Northern Lights by Anaïs Lescher & Juliette Rascalou

What are the Northern Lights?

There is a very beautiful phenomenon that all humans should see. It comes with many legends: our ancestors thought that only God could create such a sight. Some of those myths are very poetic but all these stories have a scientific explanation! So we're just going to tell you how it works. From now on you will have something to impress your friends!


Northern lights are formed when particules from the Sun collide with the neutral atoms of the atmosphere. Don't worry it's not as complicated as it sounds.

Sometimes in the solar corona, protons and electrons are ejected and move too fast to be kept by the Sun's gravity. That's as if the Sun removes his jumper. This plasma moves away from the Sun and forms a solar wind.


Earth has its own shield to protect itself against this solar wind : the magnetosphere. But the particles are sly! They have the possibility to continue their journey towards the atmosphere.


When the Sun ejects a very massive ball of plasma in the solar wind, it hits the Earth so violently that it overcomes the magnetosphere and creates a magnetic storm.

The magnetosphere is stressed and folds up like an overstretched rubber band. When this rubber band is retracted, the particles are cast to the poles.


Protons and electrons have finally reached their destination and meet new friends! When they meet oxygen and nitrogen atoms, these are excited and produce photons. This creates beautiful northern lights!


 

 

In this way, very little particles have inspired a lot of legends throughout time...



To see:

The Northern Lights in Scotland : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVsONlc3OUY

Green flash

Solar flares

A Nobel invention!